Liquid crystal display device comprising a first orientation film and a second orientation film surrounding the first orientation film wherein a side surface and a top surface of the first orientation film are in contact with the second orientation film

ABSTRACT

A liquid crystal dripping method has a problem in that an uncured sealant increases in width at the time of attaching a pair of substrates and thus a liquid crystal material enters the sealant and unevenness occurs in the inner periphery of the sealant. A region in which reduced is the speed of diffusion of liquid crystal at the time of attaching a pair of substrates is provided between a sealant and an orientation film. Further, time for diffusing the liquid crystal and coming in contact with the sealant is made long. Accordingly, the sealant is subjected to photo-curing before the liquid crystal comes in contact with the sealant. The region in which reduced is the speed of diffusion of the liquid crystal is formed using a material for forming a vertical orientation film, a silane coupling agent, a substance having a photocatalytic function, or the like.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device and amethod for manufacturing the liquid crystal display device. For example,the present invention relates to an electro-optical device typified by aliquid crystal display panel having a circuit including a thin filmtransistor (hereinafter, a TFT) and a method for manufacturing theelectro-optical device, and a method for manufacturing an electronicdevice provided with such an electro-optical device as a component.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, attention has focused on a technique for forming a thinfilm transistor (TFT) by using a semiconductor thin film (having athickness of approximately several nanometers to several hundreds ofnanometers) formed over a substrate having an insulating surface. Thinfilm transistors are widely applied to electronic devices such as ICsand electro-optical devices, and in particular, their rapid developmentas switching elements for image display devices is desired.

A liquid crystal display device is known as an example of the imagedisplay devices. Compared to passive matrix liquid crystal displaydevices, high-definition images can be obtained with active matrixliquid crystal display devices; therefore, the active matrix liquidcrystal display devices have become widely used. In the active matrixliquid crystal display devices, when pixel electrodes arranged in matrixare driven, a display pattern is formed on a screen. In more detail,when voltage is applied between a selected pixel electrode and a counterelectrode that corresponds to the selected pixel electrode, a liquidcrystal layer provided between the pixel electrode and the counterelectrode is optically modulated, and this optical modulation isrecognized as a display pattern by a viewer.

The application range of such active matrix electro-optical devices isexpanding, and demands for high definition, a higher aperture ratio, andhigh reliability are increasing as a screen size gets larger. At thesame time, demands for improvement in productivity and cost reductionare increasing.

The cost for materials is increased as the size of the panel getslarger. In particular, a liquid crystal material provided between apixel electrode and a counter electrode is expensive.

In the case of using a liquid crystal injection method, sealing ofliquid crystal requires a complex process such as drawing of a sealant,attachment of a counter substrate, division of substrates, injection ofliquid crystal, and sealing of an inlet for injecting liquid crystal. Inparticular, as a panel size gets larger, it becomes difficult to fill aregion surrounded by the sealant (including at least a pixel portion)with liquid crystal since liquid crystal is injected using a capillaryphenomenon. When liquid crystal is injected using a capillaryphenomenon, a larger amount of liquid crystal than that to be injectedfrom the liquid crystal inlet is used in vain.

Further, when a liquid crystal injection method is used, two substratesare attached to each other and divided, and then, a liquid crystalmaterial is injected from a liquid crystal inlet formed on the dividedsurface. At this time, a path of the liquid crystal material extendingfrom the liquid crystal inlet to a pixel region is also filled with theliquid crystal. Further, when a driver circuit portion and a pixelportion are provided over one substrate, not only the pixel portion butalso a region overlapping with the driver circuit portion is filled withthe liquid crystal in some cases. In such a manner, a region except theregion to be a display portion is also filled with the liquid crystalmaterial.

In addition, an extremely large amount of liquid crystal flows in thepath of the liquid crystal material extending from the liquid crystalinlet to the pixel region especially around the liquid crystal inlet,compared to other portions in the panel. Therefore, there is a concernthat around the inlet, the surface of an orientation film is changed dueto friction caused by injecting the liquid crystal, and orientation ofliquid crystal molecules is disordered as a result.

Further, in a liquid crystal injection method, a step of sealing theliquid crystal inlet is necessary after the liquid crystal injection.

The present applicant propose a technique of attaching a pair ofsubstrates to each other under reduced pressure after dripping liquidcrystal, in Reference 1 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,691,995).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The technique disclosed in Reference 1 is called a liquid crystaldripping method (ODF: one drop fill). A liquid crystal dripping methodcan eliminate the loss of materials because only a necessary amount ofliquid crystal is dripped to a necessary portion. Since a seal patternhas a closed loop shape, a seal pattern for a liquid crystal inlet and apath is not necessary. Accordingly, defects caused at the time of liquidcrystal injection (such as defective orientation) is eliminated.

A liquid crystal dripping method is greatly different from a liquidcrystal injection method in the order of steps.

Manufacturing steps of a liquid crystal display device using a liquidcrystal injection method will be described. First, a sealant is drawn ona counter substrate by a screen printing method or using a dispenserapparatus. Next, the counter substrate is attached to another substrate,and the both substrates are bonded to each other by curing the sealantwith heat press. Then, the pair of substrates is divided so that part ofthe sealant (a liquid crystal inlet) is positioned at the edge of thesubstrate. After that, the pair of substrates are disposed in a chamberunder reduced pressure, the pressure in the chamber is made to returngradually from the reduced pressure to the atmospheric pressure with aliquid crystal material being in contact with the liquid crystal inlet,so that the liquid crystal material is injected from the liquid crystalinlet using a capillary phenomenon. The liquid crystal inlet is sealedwith a sealing material, and the sealing material is cured by beingirradiated with ultraviolet light. Finally, heat treatment is performedto align the liquid crystal molecules.

Manufacturing steps of a liquid crystal display device using a liquidcrystal dripping method will be described. First, a sealant having aclosed pattern is drawn on a counter substrate using a dispenserapparatus. Next, only a desired amount of liquid crystal is dripped to aregion surrounded by the sealant of the counter substrate. The countersubstrate is attached to another substrate under reduced pressure. Anatmosphere around the pair of substrates is changed from the reducedpressure to the atmospheric pressure. The sealant is cured by beingirradiated with ultraviolet light. Then, heat treatment for furthercuring the sealant and heat treatment for aligning the liquid crystalmolecules are performed at the same time. Finally, the pair ofsubstrates is divided.

In a liquid crystal injection method, the pair of substrates are bondedto each other by heat press and divided, and then, the liquid crystal isinjected. In a liquid crystal dripping method, the liquid crystal isdripped to the substrate, and then, the pair of substrates is attachedto each other under reduced pressure and divided.

It is necessary to perform heat treatment to align the liquid crystalmolecules. In a liquid crystal injection method, heat treatment isperformed to align the liquid crystal molecules after curing the sealingmaterial. In a liquid crystal dripping method, heat treatment for curingthe sealant and heat treatment for aligning the liquid crystal moleculesare performed at the same time, whereby a liquid crystal display deviceis efficiently manufactured.

In a liquid crystal injection method, the sealant which is cured by heatpress and the liquid crystal are in contact with each other, while in aliquid crystal dripping method, the sealant which is not cured and theliquid crystal are in contact with each other.

In a liquid crystal dripping method, the sealant which is not curedincreases in width at the time of attaching the pair of substrates, andthe liquid crystal is spread from a portion at which liquid crystal isdripped.

As a result, a problem occurs in that the liquid crystal material entersthe sealant and unevenness occurs in the inner periphery of the sealant.The unevenness caused in the inner periphery of the sealant may leadpoor display.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a panel structure inwhich unevenness does not occur in the inner periphery of a sealant bycontact between liquid crystal and the sealant which is not cured at thetime of attaching a pair of substrates, and a method for manufacturingthe panel.

Thus, in the present invention, a region in which reduced is the speedof diffusion of liquid crystal at the time of attaching a pair ofsubstrates is provided between a sealant and an orientation film.Further, time for diffusing the liquid crystal and coming in contactwith the sealant is made long. Accordingly, the sealant is cured beforethe liquid crystal comes in contact with the sealant. Note that it isnot necessary that sealant be cured before the liquid crystal comes incontact with the sealant. Even when the sealant is cured in the statewhere the liquid crystal partly comes in contact with the sealant,unevenness can be prevented in the inner periphery of the sealant.Further, an impurity can be prevented from seeping into the liquidcrystal from the sealant which is not cured.

Further, it is preferable to subject the sealant to photo-curing byirradiation with ultraviolet before the liquid crystal is spread andcomes in contact with the sealant through attachment of a pair ofsubstrates to each other.

For the sealant, an ultraviolet curable resin which is curable in ashort time is preferably used. Further, for the sealant, a resin whichis cured by both ultraviolet irradiation and heating may be used.Furthermore, in the case of the sealant having a low viscosity, anink-jet method is suitable in dripping the sealant, and in the case ofthe sealant having a high viscosity, a dispensing method is suitable indripping the sealant.

The region in which reduced is the speed of diffusion of the liquidcrystal is formed using a material for forming a vertical orientationfilm, a silane coupling agent, a substance having a photocatalyticfunction, or the like.

As a structure of the present invention which relates to a manufacturingmethod which is disclosed in this specification, a method formanufacturing a liquid crystal display device includes the steps offorming a first orientation film over a first substrate, forming asecond orientation film surrounding the first orientation film over thefirst substrate, forming a sealant surrounding the first orientationfilm and the second orientation film over the first substrate, drippingliquid crystal to the first orientation film, and partly overlapping thesealant with the second orientation film with the width of the sealantincreased and subjecting at least part of the sealant to photo-curingwhile the first substrate and the second substrate are attached to eachother under reduced pressure. It is to be noted that the secondorientation film is a vertical orientation film, which is different fromthe first orientation film.

The liquid crystal display device obtained by the above-described methodhas a feature, and as a structure thereof, a liquid crystal displaydevice includes a first substrate, a second substrate facing the firstsubstrate, liquid crystal between the first substrate and the secondsubstrate, a first orientation region, a second orientation regionsurrounding the first orientation region, and a sealant surrounding thefirst orientation region and the second orientation region, where theamount of light passing through the first orientation region iscontrolled in each pixel to display an image. In the liquid crystaldisplay device, a vertical orientation film is selectively formed overpart of a surface of the first substrate which overlaps with the secondorientation region or on part of a surface of the second substrate whichoverlaps with the second orientation region, and the verticalorientation film and the sealant partly overlap.

In the above-described structure, the amount of light passing throughthe first orientation region is controlled in each pixel to display animage. Therefore, an orientation region of liquid crystal which isdifferent from a displaying region is formed using the secondorientation film surrounding the displaying region, whereby leakage oflight can be reduced. Further, in order to reduce leakage of light, itis desirable that there be no space between the first orientation filmand the second orientation film. Thus, the first orientation film andthe second orientation film are formed to be in contact with each other,and preferably, the second orientation film is partly formed over aterminal portion of the first orientation film.

There is no particular limitation on the liquid crystal material, and TNliquid crystal, OCB liquid crystal, STN liquid crystal, VA liquidcrystal, ECB liquid crystal, GH liquid crystal, polymer dispersed liquidcrystal, discotic liquid crystal, or the like can be used.

In the above description, the second orientation film is made differentfrom the first orientation film, and a vertical orientation film is usedas the second orientation film. However, alternatively, a verticalorientation film may be used as the first orientation film and anorientation film which is different from the vertical orientation filmmay be used as the second orientation film, whereby a normally blackliquid crystal panel, such as a transmissive liquid crystal displaydevice employing a vertical alignment (VA) mode can be obtained. Someexamples are given as a vertical alignment mode. For example, an MVA(multi-domain vertical alignment) mode, a PVA (patterned verticalalignment) mode, an ASV mode, or the like can be employed. Specifically,one pixel is divided into a plurality of sub pixels and a projection isprovided in a position of a counter substrate corresponding to thecenter of each sub pixel, so that a multi-domain pixel is formed. It isto be noted that the projection may be provided over/on either one orboth of the counter substrate and the element substrate. The projectionmakes liquid crystal molecules orient radially and improvescontrollability of the orientation. An MVA mode provides a plurality ofdifferent orientation states in a pixel portion. Therefore, in the caseof applying the present invention, an orientation state which is furtherdifferent is provided outside the pixel portion.

As another structure of the present invention which relates to amanufacturing method, a method for manufacturing a liquid crystaldisplay device includes the steps of forming an orientation film overthe first substrate, subjecting the orientation film to rubbingtreatment, forming a coating portion by dripping a liquid repellenttreatment agent so as to surround the orientation film, forming asealant surrounding the coating portion over the first substrate,dripping liquid crystal to a region surrounded by the coating portion,and aligning the inner periphery of the sealant with the outer peripheryof the coating portion with the width of the sealant increased andsubjecting at least part of the sealant to photo-curing while the firstsubstrate and the second substrate are attached to each other underreduced pressure.

The liquid crystal display device obtained by the above-described methodhas a feature, and as a structure thereof, a liquid crystal displaydevice includes a first substrate, a second substrate facing the firstsubstrate, liquid crystal between the first substrate and the secondsubstrate, a sealant surrounding the liquid crystal, and a coatingportion obtained by dripping a liquid repellent treatment agent toeither one or both of the first substrate and the second substrate,where the coating portion has a frame-like shape, and the outerperiphery of the coating portion is disposed along the inner peripheryof the sealant. It is to be noted that the liquid repellent treatmentagent is a silane coupling agent.

In this specification, the silane coupling agent is a silicon-basedcompound including a site which can be bound with (chemically adsorbedto) a substrate (for example, an alkoxy group which hydrolyzes andprovides a silanol group (such as a trialkoxysilane-based compound) or ahalogen atom (such as a trihalosilane-based compound)) and a site havingvertical alignment with respect to liquid crystal molecules (forexample, an alkyl group having 10 to 22 carbon atoms, a fluoroalkylgroup, or the like). Therefore, it can be said that the silane couplingagent is also one kind of materials for forming a vertical orientationfilm. In this specification, a film formed using a silane coupling agentis a self-assembled monolayer. Since the film is extremely thin, thefilm is named in distinction from the vertical orientation film such asa resin film. The coating portion to which a silane coupling agent isapplied has low adhesion with the sealant. Therefore, it is preferablethat the coating portion do not overlap with the sealant even when thesealant is increased in width at the time of attachment, and the outerperiphery of the coating portion is disposed along the inner peripheryof the sealant.

As a specific example of the silane coupling agent,octadecyltrimethoxysilane (also referred to as ODS),octadecyltrichlorosilane (also referred to as OTS),N,N-dimethyl-N-octadecyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilyl chloride (alsoreferred to as DMOAP), and the like can be given. However, the silanecoupling agent is not limited thereto.

In addition, the silane coupling agent forms a self-assembled monolayerthrough reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation. Therefore, asolvent such as water, alcohol, or ketone may be added in order topromote hydrolysis; however, the silane coupling agent is hydrolyzedenough with atmospheric moisture or the like. In addition, it ispossible that a liquid crystal material is mixed with water, alcohol,ketone, or the like due to temporal exposure to the atmosphere in aliquid crystal synthesis process or in a normal manufacturing step of aliquid crystal display device. Such content is a sufficient amount tocomplete the reactions such as hydrolysis and condensation; thus, it isnot necessarily needed to intentionally add the solvent. In the case ofintentionally adding water, alcohol, ketone, or the like, the contentthereof is preferably 1 wt % or less because excessive addition resultsin an adverse influence such as a reduction in voltage holding ratiocharacteristics.

Since the above-described silane coupling agent including atrihalosilane-based compound has high hydrolyzability, a solvent withouta hydroxyl group or a carbonyl group is preferably used.

In the case of using the silane coupling agent including atrialkoxysilane-based compound, a carboxylic acid may be added as acatalyst to further promote a hydrolysis reaction.

Further, a region in which reduced is the speed of diffusion of liquidcrystal can be formed using a substance having a photocatalyticfunction. The photocatalytic substance has photocatalytic activity.Therefore, a surface of the substance is activated by light irradiation,so that the surface of the substance can be modified by energy generatedfrom the activation. In this case, a region which is selectively notirradiated with light serves as a liquid repellent layer. After anorientation film is subjected to rubbing treatment, a liquid repellentlayer including a photocatalytic substance is formed over an entiresurface of the orientation film by a spin coating method or the like.After that, light irradiation is selectively performed using a metalmask or the like to decompose the liquid repellent layer. In the presentinvention, a region which surrounds a region where the orientation filmis formed and a region inside a region where a sealant is to be formedlater are selectively shielded from light.

Titanium oxide (TiO_(x)), strontium titanate (SrTiO₃), cadmium selenide(CdSe), potassium tantalate (KTaO₃), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zirconiumoxide (ZrO₂), niobium oxide (Nb₂O₅), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide(Fe₂O₃), tungsten oxide (WO₃), or the like is desirable for thephotocatalytic substance. The photocatalytic substance may be irradiatedwith light in the ultraviolet region (having the wavelength of 400 nm orless, preferably 380 nm or less) to generate photocatalytic activity.

The light used for the treatment of modifying the property is notparticularly limited, and any one of infrared light, visible light,ultraviolet light or a combination thereof can be used. For example,light emitted from an ultraviolet lamp, a black light, a halogen lamp, ametal halide lamp, a xenon arc lamp, a carbon arc lamp, a high-pressuresodium lamp, or a high-pressure mercury lamp may be used. In this case,light from a light source may be emitted for a required period oremitted several times.

Further, in order to narrow the frame, the outer periphery of thesealant is formed into a rectangular shape, and conductive particles arelocated inside the rectangle. The conductive particles are located toelectrically connect the counter electrode provided on the countersubstrate and the connection wiring connected to the terminal portion.The conductive particles are formed using a fluid including a pluralityof conductive particles in a resin by a dispensing method. Accordingly,it is difficult to perform electrical conduction in the case where aninsulating film such as an orientation film and conductive particlesoverlap with each other. Therefore, it is preferable that, before thepair of substrate is attached to each other, a conductive portion inwhich conductive particles are located be formed at a position whichdoes not overlap with the first orientation film, the second orientationfilm, and the coating portion. It is to be noted that, since the resinis spread after the pair of substrates is attached, part of the resinincluding the conductive particles may overlap with the insulating filmsuch as the orientation film. It is to be noted that at least oneconductive portion in which conductive particles are located may beprovided.

When the liquid crystal material is dripped, the liquid crystal materialis preferably heated and dripped by a dispensing method to reduce theviscosity of the liquid crystal material. In order to prevent the liquidcrystal material from being spread and being in contact with the sealantat the time of dripping, the surface temperature of a substrate on whichthe liquid crystal material is dripped is preferably set to be lowerthan at least the temperature of the liquid crystal at the time ofdripping. Further, the substrate on which the liquid crystal material isdripped may be cooled so that the viscosity of the liquid crystalmaterial is increased at the time of dripping.

Furthermore, in order to prevent the liquid crystal material from beingspread and being in contact with the sealant at the time of dripping,the dripping amount per spot where the liquid crystal is dripped may bedecreased and thus dripping may be performed at plural spots withoutentirely dripping the liquid crystal at one spot.

When the pair of substrates is attached to each other, the sealant whichis not cured and the liquid crystal come in contact with each other.Accordingly, a panel structure in which unevenness does not occur in theinner periphery of the sealant can be realized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIGS. 1A to 1D are cross-sectional views and a perspective view whichillustrate part of a manufacturing process;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views illustrating part of amanufacturing process;

FIGS. 3A to 3G illustrate process cross-sectional views;

FIGS. 4A to 4C illustrate a top view and cross-sectional views of aliquid crystal display device;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional structural view of an active matrix liquidcrystal display device;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are top views of liquid crystal modules; and

FIGS. 7A to 7H illustrate examples of an electronic device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Embodiment Mode

Embodiment modes of the present invention are described below.

Embodiment Mode 1

Here, an example of performing drawing of a sealant and liquid crystaldripping on the side of one of substrates and attaching a pair ofsubstrates is described below.

First, a first orientation film 101 is formed over a first substrate100. For the first substrate 100, glass substrates used for electronicsindustry (also called a “non-alkali glass substrate”) such as analuminosilicate glass substrate, an aluminoborosilicate glass substrate,or a barium borosilicate glass substrate; a quartz substrate; a ceramicsubstrate; a plastic substrate; or the like can be used, as appropriate.

For the first orientation film 101, a liquid material for forming ahorizontal orientation film, for example polyimide is selectivelyapplied by an off-set printing method, a screen printing method, or thelike, and baking is performed. Rubbing treatment is performed after thebaking, and thus, the first orientation film 101 is formed. Pretiltangles of 0.1° to 10° of liquid crystal are set by the rubbing treatmentso that a horizontal orientation state can be obtained.

If the first orientation film 101 has the area almost the same as aregion to be a display region later, when a second orientation film isformed later, there is a concern that orientation of liquid crystalmolecules due to the second orientation film may affect orientation ofliquid crystal molecules in the display region. Therefore, the firstorientation film 101 is made to have the area sufficiently larger thanthe area of the region to be the display region.

It is to be noted that a substrate to which liquid crystal is dripped isreferred to as a first substrate and a substrate to be attached to thefirst substrate is referred to as a second substrate. In the case offorming a pixel portion including TFTs over the first substrate, thesecond substrate serves as a counter substrate. In the case of forming apixel portion including TFTs over the second substrate, the firstsubstrate serves as a counter substrate.

Then, a second orientation film 103 is formed. Since rubbing treatmenthad been performed on the first orientation film 101, the secondorientation film 103 is formed by an off-set printing method, or adroplet discharge method such as a dispenser method or an ink-jetmethod. The second orientation film 103 makes pretilt angles of liquidcrystal molecules be 80° to 90° just by applying and baking withoutperforming orientation treatment such as rubbing treatment; thus, avertical orientation state can be obtained. Here, for the secondorientation film 103, a material for forming a vertical orientation filmis used. The material for forming a vertical orientation film includesan organic resin formed from a material in which a long-chain alkylgroup or a functional group with a plain structure is introduced intothe side chain, though the main skeleton thereof is polyimide which isthe same as the first orientation film. With the use of such a materialfor forming a vertical orientation film, when, for example, the mainchain portion is aligned horizontally with respect to a substratesurface, the side chain portion can make liquid crystal molecules orientalmost vertically. The second orientation film 103 is formed into aclosed-frame shape so as to surround the first orientation film 101. Theinner periphery of the second orientation film 103 is aligned with theouter periphery of the first orientation film 101. If there is a spacebetween the first orientation film 101 and the second orientation film103, there is a concern that an orientation state of liquid crystalmolecules may be disordered. So, it is preferable that the secondorientation film 103 partly overlap with the first orientation film 101so as to prevent the space.

Then, a sealant 112 with a closed pattern is formed by a dropletdischarge method such as a dispensing method or an ink-jet method. Asthe sealant 112, a material containing a visible light curable resin, anultraviolet curable resin, or a thermosetting resin can be used. Forexample, an epoxy resin such as a bisphenol-A liquid resin, abisphenol-A solid resin, a bromine-containing epoxy resin, a bisphenol-Fresin, a bisphenol-AD resin, a phenol resin, a cresol resin, a novolacresin, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, an Epi-Bis type epoxy resin, aglycidyl ester resin, a glycidyl amine resin, a heterocyclic epoxyresin, or a modified epoxy resin can be used. As the sealant 112, asealant having a viscosity of 40 to 400 Pa·s is used.

The sealant 112 is formed into a closed-frame shape without a liquidcrystal inlet. The sealant 112 is disposed so that the inner peripherythereof is aligned with the outer periphery of the second orientationfilm 103. It is to be noted that the sealant is formed so as to leave aspace, in which the sealant will increase in width, between the sealantand the outer periphery of the second orientation film 103, inconsideration of increase in width of the sealant in a later step ofattaching a pair of substrates.

The sealant 112 may include a gap material (filler with a diameter of 1to 24 μm, fine particles, or the like) which keeps a space between thepair of substrates. When the size of a panel is less than or equal to 2inches, a space between a pair of substrates can be kept by a gapmaterial included in a sealant without a columnar spacer or a sphericalspacer in a pixel portion.

Then, a liquid crystal material 104 is dripped to the first orientationfilm 101 by a droplet discharge method such as a dispenser method or anink-jet method. Here, the liquid crystal material 104 is dripped theviscosity of which is reduced by heating using a liquid crystaldispenser 118. FIG. 1A illustrates a cross-sectional view in this step.

FIG. 1B illustrates a perspective view of FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1B, a region102 indicated by a dashed line corresponds to a region to be a displayregion later.

Subsequently, a second substrate 110 is attached under reduced pressure.FIG. 1C shows the state upon the attachment. FIG. 1D shows the statewhere more time has passed, and thus, a space is filled with liquidcrystal.

The second substrate 110 is preferably formed from a material having athermal expansion coefficient which is almost the same as that of thefirst substrate 100 so that the sealant is not broken by deformation dueto heat when a liquid crystal display device is obtained later. Further,as each of the first substrate 100 and the second substrate 110, aplastic substrate having flexibility can be used, whereby a liquidcrystal display device having flexibility can also be manufactured.

A third orientation film 111 and a fourth orientation film 113 areformed on the second substrate 110 in advance. Although not shown, anelectrode, a thin film transistor, or the like for driving liquidcrystal is formed. Belt-like electrodes are arranged over the firstsubstrate 100 and on the second substrate 110, and a pair of substrateis attached to each other so that electrodes formed over/on eachsubstrate intersect. Thus, a passive matrix liquid crystal displaydevice can be manufactured.

Alternatively, a counter electrode is formed over the first substrate100, and a thin film transistor and a pixel electrode which iselectrically connected to the thin film transistor are formed on thesecond substrate 110. The pair of substrates is attached to each other,and thus, an active matrix liquid crystal display device can bemanufactured.

The third orientation film 111 is formed using the same formation methodand the same material as the first orientation film 101, and the thirdorientation film 111 has almost the same area as the first orientationfilm 101. However, the direction of rubbing treatment in the thirdorientation film 111 is different from that in the first orientationfilm 101. The pair of substrates is attached to each other so that therubbing direction of the third orientation film 111 is almost orthogonalto that of the first orientation film 101.

The fourth orientation film 113 is formed using the same formationmethod and the same material as the second orientation film 103, and hasalmost the same closed-frame shape as the second orientation film 103.

As shown in FIG. 1C, the sealant is pressed upon the attachment, so thata sealant 122 with an increased width is obtained. Part of the sealant122 with an increased width overlaps with the second orientation film103 and the fourth orientation film 113. If there is a space between thesealant 122 with an increased width and the second orientation film 103in the state after the attachment of the pair of substrates, there is aconcern that an orientation state of liquid crystal molecules may bedisordered. Therefore, it is preferable that the sealant 122 with anincreased width and the second orientation film 103 partly overlap asshown in FIG. 1C. Accordingly, light leakage at the time of obtaining aliquid crystal display device can be suppressed.

Although the liquid crystal material 104 is spread between the firstorientation film 101 and the third orientation film 111, there is stilla space 105 with reduced pressure between the liquid crystal material104 and the sealant 122 with an increased width. In such a state wherethe liquid crystal material 104 and the sealant 122 with an increasedwidth are not in contact with each other, irradiation with ultraviolet115 is performed, so that photo-curing of the sealant 122 with anincreased width is started. Subsequently, after part of the sealant 122with an increased width, preferably the inner periphery of the sealant122, is cured, the cured sealant and the liquid crystal material are incontact with each other with the liquid crystal material spread.

It is to be noted that irradiation with the ultraviolet 115 isselectively performed. The irradiation may be performed on an entiresurface of the substrate as long as the liquid crystal material is notchanged in quality by irradiation with ultraviolet.

Thus, the state where the inside of the sealant 122 with an increasedwidth is filled with the liquid crystal material, that is, the stateshown in FIG. 1D is obtained. Finally, heat treatment for adjustingorientation of the liquid crystal molecules is performed if necessary.

In such a manner, a first orientation region 114 in a liquid crystallayer is formed between the first orientation film 101 and the thirdorientation film 111, and a second orientation region 117 in the liquidcrystal layer is formed between the second orientation film 103 and thefourth orientation film 113.

Here, an example is described where liquid crystal is dripped to asubstrate over which a sealant is drawn. However, the present inventionis not particularly limited. A second substrate over which a sealant isdrawn may be attached after liquid crystal is dripped to a firstsubstrate.

Here, an example is described where after the first orientation film isformed, the second orientation film is formed, and the sealant isfurther formed. However, the present invention is not particularlylimited. The first orientation film may be formed and the sealant may befurther formed after the second orientation film is formed in advance.

Further, here, a so-called multi-panel method is described in which fourliquid crystal panels are manufactured using a pair of substrates. In aliquid crystal dripping method, liquid crystal can be sealed beforedivision in such a multi-panel method. Therefore, it is suitable formass production. It is needless to say that the present invention can beapplied to a method for manufacturing one liquid crystal panel persubstrate, instead of the multi-panel method.

Embodiment Mode 2

This embodiment mode describes an example of forming a coating portionhaving a layer which offers a contact angle with liquid crystal ofgreater than 40° and less than 130°, which is measured by an FTÅ125(manufactured by First Ten Ångstroms, Inc.) by using a liquid repellenttreatment agent. A contact angle with liquid crystal is smaller than acontact angle with water with respect to the same liquid repellenttreatment agent, and the contact angle varies depending on a liquidcrystal material. Therefore, the combination between a liquid repellenttreatment agent and a liquid crystal material is selected asappropriate, so that a coating portion having a layer which offers acontact angle with liquid crystal of greater than 40° and less than 130°is formed. If the contact angle with the liquid crystal is less than40°, it is difficult to reduce the speed of diffusion of the liquidcrystal. If the contact angle with the liquid crystal is greater than orequal to 130°, the shape of the contact area with the liquid crystalbecomes nearly a point. Accordingly, part of the liquid crystal isformed into nearly a spherical shape and thus is easily moved.Therefore, there is a concern that part of the liquid crystal comes incontact with the sealant. It is to be noted that the same portions as inFIGS. 1A to 1D are denoted by the same reference numerals forexplanation.

First, the first orientation film 101 is formed as in Embodiment Mode 1.

Then, a coating portion 133 with a closed-frame shape is formed. In thisembodiment mode, the coating portion 133 is formed instead of the secondorientation film 103. The coating portion 133 is formed using a liquidrepellent treatment agent by a droplet discharge method such as adispensing method or an ink-jet method. The coating portion refers to aregion over a surface of which a self-assembled monolayer is formed. Theself-assembled monolayer is obtained in such a way that a liquidrepellent treatment agent is applied and baking is performed to remove asolvent.

The coating portion 133 is formed into a closed-frame shape so as tosurround the first orientation film 101. The coating portion 133 isdisposed so that the inner periphery of the coating portion 133 isaligned with the outer periphery of the first orientation film 101 asmuch as possible. The alignment of the first orientation film 101 andthe coating portion 133 is important; therefore, an ink-jet method ispreferably used. An ink-jet method is performed in such a way that asmall amount of liquid is ejected (or dripped) in the form of aplurality of drops. By an ink-jet method, the small amount of a liquidrepellent treatment agent can be freely adjusted by the number ofdischarging, the number of discharging points, or the like.

Here, octadecyltrimethoxysilane (also referred to as ODS) is used forthe liquid repellent treatment agent. In the case where the coatingportion 133 is formed using octadecyltrimethoxysilane, liquid crystalmolecules can be oriented with the long axes perpendicular to asubstrate surface, owing to the obtained self-assembled monolayer.Therefore, the obtained self-assembled monolayer can also be referred toas a second orientation film which is extremely thin. It is needless tosay that a material for the liquid repellent treatment agent is notlimited to octadecyltrimethoxysilane, and a material which does notaffect orientation of liquid crystal may be used.

Then, a sealant with a closed pattern is formed by a droplet dischargemethod such as a dispensing method or an ink-jet method. However, thesealant is formed so as to leave a space, in which the sealant willincrease in width, between the sealant and the outer periphery of thecoating portion 133, in consideration of increase in width of thesealant in a later step of attaching a pair of substrates.

Then, the liquid crystal material 104 is dripped to the firstorientation film 101 by a droplet discharge method such as a dispensingmethod or an ink-jet method.

Subsequently, a second substrate 110 is attached under reduced pressure.FIG. 2A shows the state upon the attachment. FIG. 2B shows the statewhere more time has passed, and thus, a space is filled with liquidcrystal.

The third orientation film 111 is formed on the second substrate 110 inadvance. The third orientation film 111 is formed using the sameformation method and the same material as the first orientation film101, and the third orientation film 111 has almost the same area as thefirst orientation film 101. However, the direction of rubbing treatmentin the third orientation film 111 is different from that of the firstorientation film 101. The pair of substrates is attached to each otherso that the rubbing direction of the third orientation film 111 isalmost orthogonal to that of the first orientation film 101.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the sealant is pressed upon the attachment, so thata sealant 122 with an increased width is obtained. Thus, the innerperiphery of the sealant 122 with an increased width is almost alignedwith the outer periphery of the coating portion 133 or a space is lefttherebetween.

Although the liquid crystal material 104 is spread between the firstorientation film 101 and the third orientation film 111, there is stilla space 105 with reduced pressure between the liquid crystal material104 and the sealant 122 with an increased width.

This embodiment mode describes an example in which only one of the pairof substrates is provided with the coating portion 133. Therefore,irradiation with the ultraviolet 115 is performed in the state where theliquid crystal material 104 and the sealant 122 with an increased widthare partly in contact with each other, so that photo-curing of thesealant 122 with an increased width is started. Subsequently, after partof the sealant 122 with an increased width, preferably the innerperiphery of the sealant 122, is cured, the cured sealant and the liquidcrystal material are in contact with each other with the liquid crystalmaterial spread.

Even when only one of the pair of substrates is provided with thecoating portion 133 as described above, at least part of the sealant canbe cured. Accordingly, unevenness hardly occurs in the inner peripheryof the sealant as compared to the case where the coating portion 133 isnot provided.

It is needless to say that each of the pair of substrates may beprovided with a coating portion.

Thus, the state where inside the sealant 122 with an increased width isfilled with the liquid crystal material, that is, the state shown inFIG. 2B is obtained. Finally, heat treatment for adjusting orientationof the liquid crystal molecules is performed if necessary.

Here, an example is described where after the first orientation film isformed, the coating portion is formed, and the sealant is furtherformed. However, the present invention is not particularly limitedthereto. The first orientation film may be formed and the sealant may befurther formed after the coating portion is formed in advance.

This embodiment mode can be freely combined with Embodiment Mode 1. Forexample, a structure may be used in which a second orientation film witha closed-frame shape is formed outside a first orientation film, acoating portion is further provided in a region with the closed-frameshape, and a sealant is disposed outside the coating portion.

Further, this embodiment mode may be combined with Embodiment Mode 1, sothat a liquid crystal panel may be manufactured in which the substrateprovided with the coating portion which is obtained in this embodimentmode and the substrate provided with the second orientation film whichis obtained in Embodiment Mode 1 are attached to each other.

Embodiment Mode 3

The flow of panel manufacturing is hereinafter explained. FIGS. 3A to 3Gillustrate main process cross-sectional views.

First, a counter electrode 222 formed of a transparent conductive filmis formed over a first substrate 220 serving as a counter substrate. Forthe transparent conductive film, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, indiumzinc oxide, zinc oxide to which gallium is added, or the like is used.Further, the counter electrode 222 can be formed using a conductivecomposition including a conductive high molecule (also referred to as aconductive polymer). The counter electrode formed using a conductivecomposition preferably has sheet resistance of less than or equal to10000Ω/□ and has the rate of light transmission at a wavelength of 550nm of greater than or equal to 70%. Further, resistivity of a conductivehigh molecule included in the conductive composition is preferably equalto or lower than 0.1 Ω·cm.

As a conductive high molecule, a so-called π electron conjugatedconductive high-molecule can be used. For example, polyaniline or aderivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiopheneor a derivative thereof, and a copolymer of two or more kinds of thosematerials can be given.

Specific examples of a conjugated conductive high-molecule are givenbelow: polypyrrole, poly(3-methylpyrrole), poly(3-butylpyrrole),poly(3-octylpyrrole), poly(3-decylpyrrole), poly(3,4-dimethylpyrrole),poly(3,4-dibutylpyrrole), poly(3-hydroxypyrrole),poly(3-methyl-4-hydroxypyrrole), poly(3-methoxypyrrole),poly(3-ethoxypyrrole), poly(3-octoxypyrrole), poly(3-carboxylpyrrole),poly(3-methyl-4-carboxylpyrrole), polyN-methylpyrrole, polythiophene,poly(3-methylthiophene), poly(3-butylthiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene),poly(3-decylthiophene), poly(3-dodecylthiophene),poly(3-methoxythiophene), poly(3-ethoxythiophene),poly(3-octoxythiophene), poly(3-carboxylthiophene),poly(3-methyl-4-carboxylthiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene),polyaniline, poly(2-methylaniline), poly(2-octylaniline),poly(2-isobutylaniline), poly(3-isobutylaniline), poly(2-anilinesulfonicacid), poly(3-anilinesulfonic acid), and the like.

A columnar spacer 215 is formed over the counter electrode 222. Insteadof a columnar spacer, a spherical spacer may be dispersed entirely onthe substrate surface.

A first orientation film 221 which covers the counter electrode 222 andthe columnar spacer 215 is formed. Then, rubbing treatment is performedon the first orientation film 221. A process cross-sectional view inthis step is shown in FIG. 3A.

A second orientation film 223 which overlaps with an end portion of thefirst orientation film 221 is formed by an ink-jet apparatus 224. Thesecond orientation film 223 is formed into a closed-frame shape so as tosurround the first orientation film 221. The second orientation film 223gives liquid crystal an orientation state different from that of thefirst orientation film 221. A process cross-sectional view in this stepis shown in FIG. 3B.

Then, a sealant 212 is formed on the counter electrode 122 so as to beapart from the second orientation film 223. The sealant 212 is drawnusing a screen printing method, an ink-jet apparatus, or a dispensingapparatus. For the sealant 212, an acrylic-based photo-curing resin orthe like may be used. For the sealant 212, a sealant which includes afiller (diameter of 6 μm to 24 μm) and has a viscosity of 40 Pa·s to 400Pa·s is used. It is to be noted that the sealant which is not dissolvedin liquid crystal to be in contact later is preferably selected. Aprocess cross-sectional view in this step is shown in FIG. 3C.

Then, liquid crystal is dripped to the first orientation film 221. Thedripping of the liquid crystal is performed using an ink-jet apparatusor a dispensing apparatus. As shown in FIG. 3D, liquid crystal 214 isdripped in a region, which is surrounded by the sealant 212, by using aliquid crystal dispenser 218 under atmospheric pressure. For the liquidcrystal 214, a known liquid crystal material having a viscosity whichenables dripping may be used. With the use of the liquid crystaldispenser 218, only the needed amount of the liquid crystal 214 can beheld without waste in the region surrounded by the sealant 212.Alternatively, the liquid crystal may be dripped using an ink-jetmethod.

Then, a pair of substrates is attached to each other under reducedpressure. A process cross-sectional view in this step is shown in FIG.3E. A pixel electrode 211 and a terminal electrode 213 are formed over asecond substrate 210 in advance. Further, a third orientation film 231which covers the pixel electrode 211 is formed, and a fourth orientationfilm 233 is formed. An end face of the fourth orientation film 233 isalmost aligned with that of the third orientation film 231. The fourthorientation film 233 is formed into a closed-frame shape so as tosurround the third orientation film 231.

This embodiment mode describes an example in which the area of thesecond orientation film 223 is different from that of the fourthorientation film 233.

Upon attachment of the substrates, the sealant is irradiated withultraviolet. The speed of diffusion of the liquid crystal is reduced bythe second orientation film 223 or the fourth orientation film 233, sothat the sealant can be subjected to photo-curing before the liquidcrystal comes in contact with the sealant.

Then, heat treatment is performed, so that the sealant 212 is furthercured and the liquid crystal is heated to align the orientation of theliquid crystal molecules. A process cross-sectional view in this step isshown in FIG. 3F. By the heat treatment, a space between the substratesis fixed. As shown in FIG. 3F, the space between the substrates is keptby the columnar spacers 215.

Here, the sealant is cured by the heat treatment performed after theirradiation with ultraviolet. However, the present invention is notparticularly limited thereto, and the curing is performed so thatsufficient characteristics of adhesion of the sealant, such as sealstrength of greater than or equal to 200 N/cm², are obtained.

As shown in FIG. 3G, the substrate is divided. A groove for scribing isformed, and pressure is applied along a line of the scribing to performdivision, so that the terminal electrode 213 is exposed.

This embodiment mode describes an example in which the columnar spacer215 is formed over the first substrate 220 serving as a countersubstrate. However, the present invention is not particularly limitedthereto, and the columnar spacer 215 may be formed over the secondsubstrate 210.

This embodiment mode can be freely combined with Embodiment Mode 1 orEmbodiment Mode 2.

Embodiment Mode 4

This embodiment mode describes an example in which a conductive portionis provided with the use of conductive particles in order toelectrically connect a counter electrode provided on one of substratesand a connection wiring provided over the other of the substrates.

FIG. 4A is a top view of a liquid crystal display device in which an FPChas not been attached to a terminal portion 1240 of a second substrate1210. FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-B of FIG. 4Awhich illustrates a connection region of a pixel region and a connectionwiring. FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-D of FIG.4A which illustrates a conductive portion to be a connection portion ofa conductive particle and a connection wiring.

As shown in FIG. 4A, a liquid crystal display device includes a firstsubstrate 1204 and a second substrate 1210 which are attached to eachother with a sealant 1205. For the second substrate 1210 and the firstsubstrate 1204, a glass substrate (also referred to as an “alkaline-freeglass substrate”), a quartz substrate, a ceramic substrate, a plasticsubstrate, or the like can be used, as appropriate.

A pixel region 1202 surrounded by a dotted line, and a signal linedriver circuit 1200 and a scan line driver circuit 1201 which are usedfor driving a plurality of pixels arranged in the pixel region 1202 areformed over the second substrate 1210. Further, a terminal portion 1240is formed in an end portion of the second substrate 1210. In theterminal portion 1240, a plurality of connection terminals is formedover a plurality of respective connection wirings.

The pixel region 1202, the signal line driver circuit 1200, and the scanline driver circuit 1201 are disposed inside the inner periphery of thesealant 1205. Part of the signal line driver circuit 1200, part of thescan line driver circuit 1201, and the pixel region 1202 are coveredwith the first orientation film 1280. The second orientation film 1246is disposed between the sealant 1205 and the first orientation film1280. The second orientation film 1246 overlaps with part of the signalline driver circuit 1200 as shown in FIG. 4B.

The conductive portion 1270 is disposed between the first orientationfilm 1280 and the second orientation film 1246.

As shown in FIG. 4B, the pixel region 1202 includes a pixel electrode1250 and a switching TFT 1211 which is electrically connected to thepixel electrode 1250. Further, the pixel region 1202 includes acapacitor. In this embodiment mode, a mode of an active matrix liquidcrystal display device is used. Accordingly, the pixel electrode 1250and the connection wiring 1242 are not directly connected to each otherbut are connected to each other via the switching TFT 1211 or the signalline driver circuit 1200. An FPC and the connection wiring 1242 areelectrically connected to each other via a connection terminal 1243disposed in the connection portion 1240.

The signal line driver circuit 1200 includes a CMOS circuit having ann-channel TFT 1223 and a p-channel TFT 1224. It is to be noted that thesignal line driver circuit 1200 or the scan line driver circuit 1201shown in FIG. 4A may be formed using a CMOS circuit, PMOS circuit, or anNMOS circuit.

As an insulating layer 1215, an insulating layer serving as a base filmmay be formed, and the insulating layer 1215 is formed to have a singlelayer structure or stacked structure of silicon oxynitride, siliconnitride oxide, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride.

The switching TFT 1211, the n-channel TFT 1223, and the p-channel TFT1224 each include a semiconductor layer having a source region, a drainregion, and a channel formation region; a gate insulating layer; and agate electrode.

The semiconductor layer is a layer formed using a non-single crystalsemiconductor or a single-crystal semiconductor which has a thickness ofgreater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 100 nm,furthermore greater than or equal to 20 nm and less than or equal to 70nm. As a non-single crystal semiconductor layer, a crystallinesemiconductor layer, an amorphous semiconductor layer, amicrocrystalline semiconductor layer, or the like can be used. As thesemiconductor, silicon, germanium, a silicon germanium compound, or thelike can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use a crystallinesemiconductor which is formed by crystallization through rapid thermalannealing (RTA) or thermal treatment using an annealing furnace, or acrystalline semiconductor which is formed by crystallization throughheat treatment and laser beam irradiation. In the heat treatment, acrystallization method using a metal element such as nickel which has aneffect of promoting crystallization of a silicon semiconductor can beapplied.

In the case of performing crystallization by laser light irradiation inaddition to heat treatment, crystallization can be performed bycontinuously moving a melted zone of the crystalline semiconductor,which is melted by irradiation with a continuous wave laser beam or ahigh-repetition-rate ultrashort pulsed laser beam having a repetitionrate of 10 MHz or higher and a pulse width of 1 nanosecond or shorter,preferably in the range of 1 picosecond to 100 picoseconds inclusive,along the laser beam irradiation direction. By using such acrystallization method, a crystalline semiconductor having a large graindiameter with a crystal grain boundary extending in one direction can beobtained.

In the case where the semiconductor layer is formed using asingle-crystal semiconductor, a single-crystal semiconductor substrateprovided with a silicon oxide layer is bonded to the second substrate1210 and part of the single-crystal substrate is polished or separated;accordingly, a semiconductor layer using a single-crystal semiconductorcan be formed over the second substrate 1210.

The gate insulating layer is formed from an inorganic insulator such assilicon oxide or silicon oxynitride which has a thickness of greaterthan or equal to 5 nm and less than or equal to 50 nm, preferablygreater than or equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 40 nm.

The gate electrode can be formed from a polycrystalline semiconductor towhich metal or an impurity of one conductivity type is added. In thecase of using metal, tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti),tantalum (Ta), aluminum (Al), or the like can be used. Further, metalnitride formed by nitriding metal can be used. Alternatively, the gateelectrode may have a stacked structure of a first layer made of themetal nitride and a second layer made of the metal. By forming the firstlayer using metal nitride, the first layer can be used as a metalbarrier. That is, the metal of the second layer can be prevented frombeing spread into the gate insulating layer or the semiconductor layerbelow the gate insulating layer. In the case of employing a stackedstructure, the gate electrode may have a shape in which an edge of thefirst layer extends beyond an edge of the second layer.

For the switching TFT 1211, the n-channel TFT 1223, and the p-channelTFT 1224 each of which is formed by combination of a semiconductorlayer, a gate insulating layer, a gate electrode, and the like, variouskinds of structures can be used, such as a single-drain structure, anLDD (lightly-doped drain) structure, and a gate-overlapped drainstructure. Here, a thin film transistor having an LDD structure isdescribed. Moreover, a multi-gate structure where transistors, to whicha gate voltage which is the same potential is equally applied, areserially connected; a dual-gate structure where the semiconductor layeris sandwiched by gate electrodes; an inversely staggered thin filmtransistor; or the like can be used.

Wirings which are in contact with the source region and drain region ofthe semiconductor layers are preferably formed by combination of alow-resistance material such as aluminum and a barrier metal using ahigh-melting-point metal material such as titanium or molybdenum, e.g.,a stacked structure of titanium and aluminum or a stacked structure ofmolybdenum and aluminum.

As the thin film transistor, a thin film transistor using metal oxide oran organic semiconductor material for a semiconductor layer can be used.As typical examples of the metal oxide, zinc oxide, oxide of zincgallium indium, and the like can be given.

The pixel electrode 1250 connected to one of electrodes of the switchingTFT 1211 exists over the insulating layer 1214. Further, the connectionwiring 1208 connected to the counter electrode via the conductiveparticle 1273 is formed over the insulating layer 1214. Multiple layersof the connection wiring 1208 and multiple layers of the insulatinglayer 1214 may overlap with each other, depending on the structure ofthe pixel region, the signal line driver circuit, or the scan linedriver circuit. In that case, the signal line driver circuit or the scanline driver circuit can be formed in a smaller area; and thus, the areaof the pixel region can be enlarged.

The first orientation film 1280 is formed over the pixel electrode 1250,and a columnar spacer 1255 is formed thereover.

FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of a region where the conductiveparticle 1273 and the connection terminal are connected to each other.The connection wiring 1208 is formed over the insulating layer 1214. Aconnection terminal 1241 which is formed concurrently with the pixelelectrode is formed over the connection wiring 1208. The connectionterminal 1241 is electrically connected to the counter electrode 1251via the connection wiring 1208 and the conductive particle 1273.Further, the connection terminal 1241 is connected to an FPC. Anadhesive 1271 is a medium which makes the conductive particle 1273easier to be discharged inside the frame of the sealant 1205. Further,the adhesive 1271 which had been cured is a medium for fixing theconductive particle 1273. The adhesive 1271 can be formed using amaterial similar to that of the sealant 1205.

The adhesive 1271 is spread at the time of attaching the substrates, andthus, the adhesive 1271 overlaps with an end portion of the firstorientation film 1280 and an end portion of the second orientation film1246.

The first substrate 1204 to be a counter substrate is provided with ablack matrix 1253 at a position overlapping with the signal line drivercircuit 1200, and a color filter 1249 and a protective layer 1252 at aposition overlapping with at least the pixel region 1202. In a casewhere color display is performed by a color sequential method calledfield sequential, the color filter is not necessarily provided. Thecounter electrode 1251 is formed on the color filter 1249 and theprotective layer 1252. The third orientation film 1206 is provided onthe counter electrode 1251 which is subjected to rubbing treatment. Thethird orientation film 1206 is disposed at a position facing the firstorientation film 1280. A fourth orientation film 1207 is provided on thecounter electrode 1251. The fourth orientation film 1207 is disposed ata position facing the second orientation film 1246.

In order to further improve contrast, a first polarizing plate 1290 anda second polarizing plate 1295 are provided outside the second substrate1210 and the first substrate 1204, respectively.

Even when the second orientation film 1246 and the fourth orientationfilm 1207 are provided, electrical connection can be surely performed inthe conductive portion 1270. Accordingly, quality of a liquid crystaldisplay device can be improved. Further, a liquid crystal display devicecan be provided which can maintain connection in the conductive portioneven when the substrate is deformed by application of external forcesuch as shock.

This embodiment mode can be freely combined with any one of EmbodimentModes 1 to 3.

The present invention including the above-described structures isdescribed in more detail with the use of embodiments to be given below.

Embodiment 1

As shown in FIG. 5, an active matrix substrate is manufactured using asubstrate 600 having a light-transmitting property. The manufacturingcost is preferably reduced by using a large-area substrate having a sizeof, for example, 600 mm×720 mm, 680 mm×880 mm, 1000 mm×1200 mm, 1100mm×1250 mm, 1150 mm×1300 mm, 1500 mm×1800 mm, 1800 mm×2000 mm, 2000mm×2100 mm, 2200 mm×2600 mm, or 2600 mm×3100 mm. As for the substratewhich can be used, a glass substrate made of barium borosilicate glass,aluminoborosilicate glass, or the like typified by Corning 7059 glass,1737 glass, or the like manufactured by Corning Incorporated can beused. As another example of the substrate, a light-transmittingsubstrate such as a quartz substrate can be used.

First, a conductive layer is formed over the entire surface of thesubstrate 600 having an insulating surface by a sputtering method. Afterthat, a resist mask is formed by a first photolithography step, and anunnecessary portion is removed by etching to form a wiring and anelectrode (such as a gate electrode, a storage capacitor wiring, and aterminal). It is to be noted that a base insulating film is formed overthe substrate 600 if necessary.

The wiring and the electrode are formed using an element selected fromtitanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and neodymium, analloy containing the element as a component, or nitride containing theelement as a component. Further, two or more of elements selected fromtitanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and neodymium, analloy containing the element as a component, and nitride containing theelement as a component may be selected and stacked.

As a screen size gets larger, the length of each wiring is increased,and the problem of an increase in wiring resistance is caused, whichcauses an increase in power consumption. Therefore, in order to decreasewiring resistance and reduce power consumption, copper, aluminum,silver, gold, chromium, iron, nickel, platinum, or an alloy thereof canbe used as materials of the above wiring and electrode. Further, thewiring and the electrode may also be formed by an ink-jet method usingan independently dispersed ultrafine particle dispersion liquid in whichultrafine particles (each with a grain size of 5 to 10 nm) of metal suchas silver, gold, copper, or palladium are dispersed at highconcentration without being aggregated.

Next, a gate insulating film is formed over the entire surface by a PCVDmethod. The gate insulating film is formed using a stacked-layer of asilicon nitride film and a silicon oxide film with a thickness of 50 to200 nm, preferably 150 nm. It is to be noted that the gate insulatingfilm is not limited to a stacked-layer, and an insulating film such as asilicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film,or a tantalum oxide film can also be used.

Then, over the entire surface of the gate insulating film, a firstamorphous semiconductor film is formed to a thickness of 50 to 200 nm,preferably 100 to 150 nm by a known method such as a plasma CVD methodor a sputtering method. Typically, an amorphous silicon (a-Si) film isformed to a thickness of 100 nm. It is to be noted that since a chambersize is increased when a film is formed over a large-area substrate, ittakes long processing time to evacuate the chamber and requires a largeamount of film formation gas. Therefore, further cost reduction may beachieved by forming the amorphous silicon (a-Si) film using a linearplasma CVD apparatus under atmospheric pressure.

After that, a second amorphous semiconductor film containing an impurityelement imparting one conductivity type (n-type or p-type) is formed toa thickness of 20 to 80 nm. The second amorphous semiconductor filmcontaining an impurity element imparting one conductivity type (n-typeor p-type) is formed over the entire surface by a known method such as aplasma CVD method or a sputtering method. In this embodiment, the secondamorphous semiconductor film containing an impurity element impartingn-type conductivity is formed using a silicon target to which phosphorusis added.

Next, a resist mask is formed by a second photolithography step, and anunnecessary portion is removed by etching to form a first island-shapedamorphous semiconductor film and a second island-shaped amorphoussemiconductor film. Wet etching or dry etching is used as an etchingmethod at this time.

Then, a conductive layer covering the second island-shaped amorphoussemiconductor film is formed by a sputtering method. After that, aresist mask is formed by a third photolithography step, and anunnecessary portion is removed by etching to form a wiring and anelectrode (such as a source wiring, a drain electrode, and a storagecapacitor electrode). The above wiring and electrode are formed using anelement selected from aluminum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten,molybdenum, chromium, neodymium, copper, silver, gold, chromium, iron,nickel, and platinum, or an alloy containing the element as a component.Alternatively, the wiring and the electrode may be formed by an ink-jetmethod using an independently dispersed ultrafine particle dispersionliquid in which ultrafine particles (each with a grain size of 5 to 10nm) of metal such as silver, gold, copper, or palladium are dispersed athigh concentration without being aggregated. By forming the wiring andthe electrode by an ink-jet method, the photolithography step becomesunnecessary and a further cost reduction can be achieved.

Next, a resist mask is formed by a fourth photolithography step, and anunnecessary portion is removed by etching to form a source wiring, adrain electrode, and a capacitor electrode. Wet etching or dry etchingis used as an etching method at this time. At this time, a storagecapacitor 625 is formed which uses, as a dielectric, an insulating filmmade of the same material as the gate insulating film. Then, using thesource wiring and the drain electrode as masks, part of the secondamorphous semiconductor film is removed in a self-aligned manner andpart of the first amorphous semiconductor film is thinned. The thinnedregion serves as a channel formation region of a TFT.

Then, a first protective film made of a silicon nitride film with athickness of 150 nm and a first interlayer insulating film formed usinga silicon oxynitride film with a thickness of 150 nm are formed over theentire surface by a plasma CVD method. It is to be noted that since achamber size is increased when forming a film over a large-areasubstrate, it takes long processing time to evacuate the chamber andrequires a large amount of a film formation gas. Therefore, a furthercost reduction may be achieved by forming the protective film made of asilicon nitride film using a linear plasma CVD apparatus underatmospheric pressure. After that, hydrogenation is performed and achannel-etched TFT 626 is manufactured.

Although the channel-etched type is given in this embodiment as anexample of the structure of the TFT, the TFT structure is notparticularly limited thereto, and a channel stopper TFT, a top gate TFT,or a staggered TFT may be used.

A second protective film 619 is formed by an RF sputtering method. Asilicon nitride film is formed as the second protective film 619 bysputtering a single-crystal silicon target with an N₂ gas or a mixed gasof N₂ and a rare gas under the condition that a back-pressure is set at1×10⁻³ Pa or less by using a turbomolecular pump or a cryopump. Thisdense silicon nitride film effectively prevents variations or the likein threshold voltage which is caused by contamination of the TFT due toalkali metal or alkaline earth metal such as sodium, lithium, ormagnesium. Further, the silicon nitride film has an excellent blockingproperty against moisture or oxygen. The oxygen and hydrogen content inthe silicon nitride film is preferably set at 10 at. % or less, morepreferably 1 at. % or less in order to increase the blocking property.

Next, a resist mask is formed by a fifth photolithography step, andcontact holes which reach the drain electrode and the storage capacitorelectrode are then formed by a dry etching step. At the same time, acontact hole (not shown in the drawing) for electrically connecting thegate wiring and a terminal may be formed in a terminal portion, and ametal wiring (not shown in the drawing) for electrically connecting thegate wiring and the terminal may be formed. In addition, at the sametime, a contact hole (not shown in the drawing) which reaches the sourcewiring may be formed, and a metal wiring connected to the source wiringmay be formed. A pixel electrode of an alloy of indium oxide and tinoxide or the like may be formed after forming these metal wirings, orthese metal wirings may be formed after forming the pixel electrode ofan alloy of indium oxide and tin oxide or the like.

Then, a transparent electrode film is formed of an alloy of indium oxideand tin oxide, an alloy of indium oxide and zinc oxide, zinc oxide, orthe like with a thickness of 110 nm. After that, a sixthphotolithography step and an etching step are performed, so that a pixelelectrode 601 is formed.

As described above, an active matrix substrate including the sourcewiring, the inverted staggered TFT 626 of the pixel portion 627, thestorage capacitor 625, and the terminal can be manufactured by the sixphotolithography steps.

Then, a first orientation film 623 is formed over the active matrixsubstrate and rubbing treatment is performed. It is to be noted thatbefore formation of the first orientation film 623, a columnar spacer602 is formed at the desired position in order to keep a gap between thesubstrates by patterning an organic resin film such as an acrylic resinfilm in this embodiment. Alternatively, spherical spacers may bedispersed over the entire surface of the substrate instead of thecolumnar spacer.

Then, in accordance with Embodiment Mode 1, a second orientation film640 overlapping with the terminal portion of the first orientation film623 is formed.

Then, a counter substrate is prepared. This counter substrate isprovided with a color filter 620 in which a colored layer and alight-blocking layer are arranged for each pixel. In addition, aplanarizing film is provided to cover the color filter and thelight-blocking layer. Then, a counter electrode 621 is formed on theplanarizing film using a transparent conductive film. Then, a thirdorientation film 622 is formed on the entire surface of the countersubstrate and rubbing treatment is performed thereto.

Next, a sealant is drawn so as to surround the pixel portion of theactive matrix substrate. Liquid crystal is dripped to the regionsurrounded by the sealant 607 by a liquid crystal dispenser. Then, theactive matrix substrate and the counter substrate are attached to eachother under reduced pressure with the sealant 607 to seal a liquidcrystal layer 624.

Owing to the second orientation film 640, the speed of diffusion of theliquid crystal at the time of attachment is reduced, and a surface ofthe sealant is subjected to photo-curing during that time. Accordingly,unevenness of the inner periphery of the sealant is prevented, andfurther, impurities are prevented from seeping into the liquid crystalfrom the sealant which is not cured.

The sealant 607 is mixed with filler (not illustrated), so that twosubstrates can be attached to each other with a uniform gap therebetweenby the filler and the spacer 602. By using a liquid crystal drippingmethod, the amount of liquid crystal used in the manufacturing processcan be reduced, and particularly when a large-area substrate is used,the manufacturing cost can be drastically reduced.

Then, the active matrix substrate or the counter substrate is dividedinto a desired shape. In such a manner, the active matrix liquid crystaldisplay device is completed.

Furthermore, optical films such as a polarizing plate 603 and a colorfilter are provided, as appropriate, using a known technique. Then, anFPC is attached using a known technique.

The liquid crystal module obtained through the above steps is providedwith a backlight 604 and a light guiding plate 605 and covered with acover 606, whereby the active matrix liquid crystal display device(transmissive type) is completed, a partial cross-sectional view ofwhich is illustrated in FIG. 5. It is to be noted that the cover and theliquid crystal module are fixed to each other using an adhesive or anorganic resin. In addition, since the liquid crystal display device isof transmissive type, the polarizing plate 603 is attached to each ofthe active matrix substrate and the counter substrate.

Further, an example of the transmissive type is described in thisembodiment; however, the liquid crystal display device is not limitedthereto, and a reflective or semi-transmissive liquid crystal displaydevice can also be manufactured. In the case of obtaining a reflectiveliquid crystal display device, a metal film with high opticalreflectance, typically, a film containing aluminum or silver as its maincomponent, a stack thereof, or the like may be used for a pixelelectrode. In the case of obtaining a semi-transmissive liquid crystaldisplay device, one pixel electrode is formed using a transparentconductive film and a reflective metal film, so that a transmissiveportion and a reflective portion are provided.

This embodiment can be freely combined with any one of Embodiment Modes1 to 4.

Embodiment 2

In this embodiment, a top view of the liquid crystal module described inEmbodiment 1 is illustrated in FIG. 6A, and a top view of a liquidcrystal module different from that of Embodiment 1 is illustrated inFIG. 6B.

The TFT whose active layer is formed using an amorphous semiconductorfilm described in Embodiment 1 has low field-effect mobility, which isapproximately only about 1 cm²/Vsec. Therefore, a driver circuit forperforming image display is formed in an IC chip and mounted by a TAB(tape automated bonding) method or a COG (chip on glass) method.

In FIG. 6A, reference numeral 701 denotes an active matrix substrate;706, a counter substrate; 704, a pixel portion; 707, a sealant; and 705,an FPC. It is to be noted that liquid crystal is dripped by a dispenserapparatus or an ink-jet apparatus under reduced pressure, and the pairof substrates 701 and 706 are attached to each other with the a sealant707. Further, a region in which reduced is the speed of diffusion of theliquid crystal at the time of attaching the pair of substrates isprovided between the sealant and the orientation film, and time untilthe liquid crystal is spread to come in contact with the sealant islengthened. Thus, the sealant is subjected to photo-curing before theliquid crystal is in contact with the sealant. As described inEmbodiment Mode 1 or Embodiment Mode 2, a region in which the speed ofdiffusion of the liquid crystal is reduced is formed using a materialfor forming a vertical orientation film, a silane coupling agent, asubstance having a photocatalytic function, or the like.

The TFT according to Embodiment 1 has low field-effect mobility, but inthe case of mass-production using large-area substrates, the cost forthe manufacturing process can be reduced since the manufacturing processis carried out at low temperature. When the liquid crystal is dripped bya dispenser apparatus or an ink-jet apparatus under reduced pressure anda pair of substrates is attached to each other, the liquid crystal canbe held between the pair of substrates regardless of their sizes, sothat a display device provided with a liquid crystal panel having alarge-sized screen of from 20 to 80 inches can be manufactured.

When an active layer is formed using a semiconductor film which isformed by crystallizing an amorphous semiconductor film to obtain acrystalline structure by a known crystallization treatment, typically, apolysilicon film, a TFT which has high field effect mobility can beobtained, and a driver circuit having a CMOS circuit can also be formedover the same substrate as the pixel portion. Further, in addition tothe driver circuit, a CPU and the like can be manufactured over the samesubstrate as the pixel portion.

When a TFT having an active layer formed using a polysilicon film isused, a liquid crystal module as illustrated in FIG. 6B can bemanufactured.

In FIG. 6B, reference numeral 711 denotes an active matrix substrate;716, a counter substrate; 712, a source signal line driver circuit; 713,a gate signal line driver circuit; 714, a pixel portion; 717, a firstsealant; and 715, an FPC. It is to be noted that liquid crystal isdripped by a dispenser apparatus or an ink-jet apparatus under reducedpressure, and the pair of substrates 711 and 716 is attached to eachother with the first sealant 717 and a second sealant 718. Since theliquid crystal is not necessary for the driver circuit portions 712 and713, the liquid crystal is held only in the pixel portion 714, and thesecond sealant 718 is provided for reinforcement of the whole panel.

This embodiment can be freely combined with Embodiment Mode 1, 2, 3, or4, or Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 3

Electronic devices can be manufactured by incorporating the liquidcrystal display device obtained according to the present invention intoa display portion. Examples of the electronic devices are as follows:cameras such as video cameras or digital cameras, goggle type displays(head mounted displays), navigation systems, sound reproduction devices(car audios, audio components, or the like), laptop computers, gamemachines, mobile information terminals (mobile computers, mobiletelephones, mobile game machines, electronic books, or the like), imagereproduction devices equipped with recording media (specifically, adevice which reproduces the recording medium such as a digital versatiledisc (DVD) and which is equipped with a display for displaying theimage), and the like. Specific examples of those electronic devices areillustrated in FIGS. 7A to 7H.

FIG. 7A illustrates a television which includes a casing 2001, asupporting base 2002, a display portion 2003, speaker units 2004, avideo input terminal 2005, and the like. The present invention can beapplied to the display portion 2003. It is to be noted that the term“television” includes every television for displaying information suchas one for a personal computer, one for receiving TV broadcasting, andone for advertising.

FIG. 7B illustrates a digital camera which includes a main body 2101, adisplay portion 2102, an image receiving unit 2103, operation keys 2104,an external connection port 2105, a shutter button 2106, and the like.The present invention can be applied to the display portion 2102.

FIG. 7C illustrates a laptop personal computer which includes a mainbody 2201, a casing 2202, a display portion 2203, a keyboard 2204, anexternal connection port 2205, a pointing device 2206, and the like. Thepresent invention can be applied to the display portion 2203.

FIG. 7D illustrates a mobile computer which includes a main body 2301, adisplay portion 2302, a switch 2303, operation keys 2304, an infraredray port 2305, and the like. The present invention can be applied to thedisplay portion 2302.

FIG. 7E illustrates a portable image reproducing device equipped with arecording medium (specifically, a DVD player). The device includes amain body 2401, a casing 2402, a display portion A 2403, a displayportion B 2404, a recording medium (such as DVD) reading unit 2405,operation keys 2406, speaker units 2407, and the like. The displayportion A 2403 mainly displays image information whereas the displayportion B 2404 mainly displays text information. The present inventioncan be applied to the display portions A 2403 and B 2404. It is to benoted that the term “image reproducing device equipped with a recordingmedium” includes home-use game machines and the like.

FIG. 7F illustrates a game machine which includes a main body 2501, adisplay portion 2502, operation switches 2504, and the like.

FIG. 7G illustrates a video camera which includes a main body 2601, adisplay portion 2602, a casing 2603, an external connection port 2604, aremote control receiving unit 2605, an image receiving unit 2606, abattery 2607, an audio input unit 2608, operation keys 2609, and thelike. The present invention can be applied to the display portion 2602.

FIG. 7H illustrates a mobile phone which includes a main body 2701, acasing 2702, a display portion 2703, an audio input unit 2704, an audiooutput unit 2705, operation keys 2706, an external connection port 2707,an antenna 2708, and the like. The present invention can be applied tothe display portion 2703.

As described above, the display device obtained by implementing thepresent invention may be used as the display portions of variouselectronic devices. The electronic devices of this embodiment may bemanufactured using a liquid crystal display device which uses anystructures of Embodiment Modes 1 to 4, and Embodiments 1 and 2.

When substrates are attached under reduced pressure which is suitablefor taking multiple panels, a liquid crystal display device can beproduced in which usability of a liquid crystal material is high andunevenness in the inner periphery of a seal is prevented.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2007-167346 filed with Japan Patent Office on Jun. 26, 2007, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A liquid crystal display device comprising: atransistor over a first substrate; a plurality of pixel electrodes overthe transistor; a wiring electrically connected to the transistor; afirst orientation film over the plurality of pixel electrodes and thewiring; a second orientation film surrounding the first orientationfilm; a liquid crystal layer over the first orientation film and thesecond orientation film; and a sealant surrounding the secondorientation film, wherein the first orientation film overlaps with theplurality of pixel electrodes, wherein a side surface and a top surfaceof the first orientation film are in contact with the second orientationfilm in a region where the first orientation film partly overlaps withthe second orientation film, and wherein the first orientation film isin contact with the wiring.
 2. The liquid crystal display deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the second orientation film is a verticalorientation film, and wherein the second orientation film and thesealant partly overlap.
 3. The liquid crystal display device accordingto claim 1, wherein the plurality of pixel electrodes are included in adisplay region, and wherein an area of the first orientation film islarger than an area of the display region.
 4. The liquid crystal displaydevice according to claim 1, wherein the sealant surrounds the firstorientation film with the second orientation film interposedtherebetween.
 5. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,further comprising: a third orientation film on a second substrate; anda fourth orientation film surrounding the third orientation film on thesecond substrate, wherein the liquid crystal layer is provided betweenthe first orientation film and the third orientation film.
 6. The liquidcrystal display device according to claim 5, wherein the sealantoverlaps with the second orientation film and the fourth orientationfilm.
 7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, whereinthe first orientation film overlaps with a part of a driver circuit. 8.The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein thesecond orientation film overlaps with a part of a driver circuit.
 9. Theliquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the sealantoverlaps an end portion of the second orientation film.
 10. The liquidcrystal display device according to claim 1, wherein the secondorientation film is in contact with four sides of the first orientationfilm.
 11. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,wherein the sealant has a closed-frame shape without a liquid crystalinlet.
 12. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,further comprising a columnar spacer between the first substrate and thefirst orientation film.